Journal of Education, Science and Health – JESH

Relationship Between Gestational Diabetes and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Offspring: A Systematic Review.

2025-04-20T13:51:18+00:00

Abstract: To investigate the association between prenatal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the development of cardiovascular diseases and cardiometabolic risk factors, from childhood to adulthood. Systematic review carried out between October and December 2024 in the Pubmed, Scielo, BVS and Cochrane databases. The descriptors “Cardiovascular disease”, “Diabetes, Gestational” and “Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects” were combined by the AND operator. Following PRISMA guidelines, clinical trials and observational studies published between 2014 and 2024 were included, without language restrictions. The selection was conducted by two independent reviewers and disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Of 63 articles identified, 43 were excluded by titles and abstracts. 20 continued for full reading. 09 were included after analysis according to ACROBAT-NRSI. A total of 1,107,252 participants (113,888 exposed vs. 993,364 control) were included, covering different follow-up periods. In the exposed group, a higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance was observed. Early changes such as atherogenic lipid profiles, increased carotid thickness, and structural changes in the left ventricle were observed, attributed to intrauterine hyperglycemia and intensified by epigenetic factors. GDM is associated with significant impacts on the cardiovascular and metabolic health of offspring, with early onset of risk factors, highlighting the importance of preventive interventions during pregnancy.

The role of breastfeeding in improving the immune system and preventing respiratory infections in children

2025-08-28T04:12:40+00:00

The study sought to verify evidence that proves the benefits of breastfeeding in immunological protection and in the prevention of respiratory infections in children, highlighting its main bioactive components. Integrative literature review carried out in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) databases in November 2024. Articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, from 2019 to 2024, were included. The search used the following Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCs): “Breast Feeding”, “Respiratory Tract Infections”, “Infant”, combined by AND. A total of 101 studies were identified, evaluated by titles, abstracts and full reading, selecting, in the end, 07 articles. Early and exclusive breastfeeding plays a crucial role in preventing respiratory diseases such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2 and asthma, due to the immunological components of breast milk, such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and oligosaccharides. In addition, it contributes to reducing the need for hospitalizations and medical interventions. Exclusive breastfeeding significantly strengthens the infant's immune system, reducing the risk of respiratory infections and promoting protection against pathogens. The action of the bioactive components of breast milk is essential for the respiratory and immunological health of infants, making breastfeeding an effective strategy for disease prevention.